Beyond one size fits all: the immunological case for age‑stratified vaccine design

“mRNA vaccines are powerful tools, but there is considerable room for improvement.”

Ashling Cannon, Commissioning Editor, Vaccine Insights, speaks with Simon van Haren, Principal Investigator, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, about the immunological basis of suboptimal vaccine responses in neonates and older adults, the promise of Toll‑like receptor and C‑type lectin receptor agonist combinations for age‑specific adjuvantation, and how human in vitro modeling platforms may reshape early‑stage vaccine development. Van Haren also reflects on the limitations of current mRNA vaccine formulations, the potential of trained immunity as a design target, and what the precision vaccines approach means for global equity.

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