Inclusive innovation responses to epidemic challenges: a multi-case study of MERS, Zika and Ebola outbreaks

The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the need for global preparedness against emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Inclusive innovation, integrating local actors from affected low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), is critical to effective outbreak response. This study examines inclusivity during MERS, Ebola, and Zika by analysing publications, clinical trials, and patents. Findings show innovation was largely led by high-income countries (HIC): over 80% of publications and 95% of patents were linked to non-affected HIC. LMIC hosted nearly half of clinical trials but contributed minimally to knowledge generation and ownership. Collaboration often excluded LMIC, and HIC provided most funding, concentrating decision-making power. This imbalance undermines global preparedness. Strengthening frameworks like the WHO Treaty and Nagoya Protocol, with adequate resources, is vital to ensure equitable collaboration. Inclusive innovation is essential both ethically and for building sustainable, contextually relevant solutions that enhance global health security and resilience.

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